Racial and Ethnic Distinctions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racial and Ethnic Distinctions - Essay Example Such processes and reactions are widely spread in the contemporary world, and for their description are often used notions of ‘racism’, ‘stereotype’, ‘prejudice’, ‘discrimination’. Unfortunately, these terms are frequently used, without a precise understanding of their meaning that only aggravates the issues they should clarify. The discussion of any concepts is impossible without their preliminary careful definition. Most of the differences in opinions regarding any matter of disa put usually arise not because of disagreements in understanding of values or importance of these notions in our daily life, but because of some distinctions in their definitions. It should be stated that some categories are variable and mostly depend on the meanings inserted by contemporaries. The term ‘stereotype’ was for the first time used in the book ‘Public Opinion’ written by the classic of American journalism, Walter Lippmann (1922). Using this term he was trying to describe the method, by means of which community tries to categorize people. As a rule, public opinion just put stamps basing upon some characteristics. Lippmann marked out four aspects inherent all stereotypes. Secondly, people get stereotypes (from friends, relatives, co-workers, mass media, etc.) rather then formulate them grounding on their own experience. As an example we may take the image of a perfect woman. There is a stereotype that she must be blond, tall, skinny, with blue eyes, and long legs. But it is not a secret that a lot of men on becoming older and getting own experience realize that they like women with dark hair or plump women. The fourth aspect is that stereotypes are extremely tenacious of life.  

Theories of women's relationship to public space in all their Research Paper

Theories of women's relationship to public space in all their complexity - Research Paper Example When we look at large scale events in global history like major exploration, war and colonization, it is the male ambition to conquer, control and exploit which characterizes them. Traditionally, males are active and operate in the public arena, while females are passive and are confined largely to private and domestic spaces. These stereotypes are evident in the system that we know as patriarchy, and they operate at the level of individuals within families, in different social and cultural groups, and in the way that nations and states relate to each other. Journeying out to capture and control a physical location is a classically patriarchal activity. We can detect this kind of influence when we look at the narratives of history that have been drawn up to make sense of human behaviour. The age of empire building, somewhat ironically under the leadership of a British Queen, as well as various kings and prime ministers across the globe was one of expansion for the conquerors and cult ural demolition for those who were colonized. Just as women in Victorian England were nominally revered and respected, but at the same time dominated and repressed by their husbands, so narratives of the â€Å"exotic† and the â€Å"primitive† were used to give a positive spin to the systematic exploitation of vast areas of Africa, India and Asia. Hierarchical Western systems were introduced to replace overlapping tribal and national structures and women found themselves on the bottom rung of all these new hierarchies. The position of former colonies was for many years to be trapped into an opposition to this dominance, rather than to develop freely in whichever direction they would themselves have chosen. It was only in the mid to late twentieth century that authors in former colonies began to theorize this bitter experience and emerge from the imposed binary opposition of colonialism into a more nuanced appreciation of power relations in the modern world. One such aut hor, Tayeb Salih, reflects on these matters in his novel Season of Migration to the North (Salih, 2009) and draws complex parallels between the subjugation of Sudan under colonialism and the subjugation of women under patriarchal systems. The novel revolves around themes of colonialization, a term which in feminist theory â€Å"almost invariably implies a relation of structural domination, and a discursive or political suppression of the heterogeneity of the subject(s) in question† (Mohanty, 1988, p. 61) and exploration of the complex and various types of male and female relations that exist in the post-colonial world. This makes the book at times complex, even ambiguous, but this quality ensures that it is true to situation, Unresolved issues that were paramount in the period immediately after independence was gained in the Sudan are presented as they were experienced, not least the evolving role of women and their gradual emergence into public life. The plot revolves around , as the title suggests, what happens when some of the residents of Sudan migrate back to where the colonial masters came from, before returning to their homeland having gained new and shocking knowledge which then contributes to the way that the